Spender And Sankichi Two Views Of Disaster free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Stephen Spender # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Epilogue to a Human Drama # 8221 ; and Toge Sankichi # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; are poems detailing the devastation of two metropoliss, London and Hiroshima, severally, during or after World War II bombardments. Spender wrote # 8220 ; Epilogue to a Human Drama, # 8221 ; afterlife referred to as # 8220 ; Epilogue, # 8221 ; after a December air foray of London during the Battle of Britain, which ravaged and razed much of England from Summer 1940 until Spring 1941. Sankichi wrote # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; from his graphic remembrances of the surprise atomic bombardment of Hiroshima, which decimated the Nipponese metropolis in less than a 2nd. Both the Battle of Britain and Hiroshima were atrocious, senseless, and barbarous incidents that exacted gave tolls on guiltless victims. Spender endured the Battle of Britain, and Sankichi experienced the horror of Hiroshima. The poets # 8217 ; responses differ greatly in manner and position, but each work clearly defines the branchings of atrociousnesss such as those committed against Spender, Sankichi, and the populations of London and Hiroshima. We will write a custom essay sample on Spender And Sankichi Two Views Of Disaster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page England # 8217 ; s Royal Air Force battled Germany # 8217 ; s Luftwaffe from August 1940 until May 1941. During that struggle, England was subjected to air foraies twenty-four hours and dark. When Hitler eventually withdrew his birds of war, four hundred thousand British citizens had been killed, 46 1000 had been earnestly wounded, and one million places had been leveled. After one foray, a alleviation squad helped a adult female who had covered been covered in powdery brick and plaster and was shed blooding abundantly. As they aided her, she repeated four words continually in a tone of quiet panic: # 8220 ; Man # 8217 ; s inhumaneness to adult male Man # 8217 ; s inhumaneness to adult male # 8221 ; ( Jablonski 148 ) . Stephen Spender was in London for the continuance of the bombardments. He saw the destruction of environing edifices. He heard the monotone of nearing bombers. He smelled the fume of ramping hells. In his autobiography World Within World, Spender describes his mental status during the foraies as a # 8220 ; trance-like status # 8221 ; and depict how he forced himself to believe of topographic points and things as simply mental constructs in order to avoid losing mental control ( 285 ) . Hiroshima # 8217 ; s devastation came without warning. Nipponese High Command, which was located Hiroshima # 8217 ; s ancient palace, was alerted early to the attack of the Enola Gay by an observation station on the island of Shikoku. The High Command elected to sound no air raid warning because they considered it senseless to interrupt work in local armament mills due to a individual plane ( Bruckner 98 ) . At exactly 8:15 AM local clip, the fuse was illuminated inside the falling bomb. Seconds subsequently, in a blinding flash of sheer energy, several million grades of heat were unleashed on the people of Hiroshima. In less than a 2nd, 86 thousand one hundred work forces, adult females, and kids were burned to decease. Seventy-two 1000 were badly injured ; many of who would decease subsequently from atomic bomb illness ( Bruckner 99 ) . Many subsisters of Hiroshima topographic point thanks for their lives on # 8220 ; many little points of opportunity or volition-a measure taken in clip, a determination to travel indoors, catching one street auto alternatively of the following # 8220 ; ( Hersey 30 ) . Toge Sankichi is one such subsister. In the debut to his verse form # 8220 ; Dying, # 8221 ; Sankichi reveals that he was three kilometres from Ground Zero and fixing to see downtown Hiroshima when the bomb detonated ( 29 ) . If he had left a few proceedingss earlier, Sankichi would non hold survived the first few minutes. Alternatively, he sustained cuts from sherds of glass and atomic bomb illness, which may hold contributed to his early death in 1953. Spender # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Epilogue # 8221 ; and Sankichi # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; differ dramatically in presentation. The rubrics illustrate the basic contrast. Spender # 8217 ; s verse form is an epilogue to what he compares to a drama: It is written after a foray is over and is a contemplation of what Spender has witnessed. Sankichi # 8217 ; s poem possesses immediateness because his narrative begins at the minute of explosion. Spender focuses his attending on the metropolis of London as a whole. This point of view is possible because he had already experient months of barrage and had tried to divide himself mentally from the events transpirating around him. Critic A.K. Weatherhead noted that Spender # 8217 ; s verse forms are # 8220 ; detached from the mundane things of the universe # 8221 ; ( 323 ) . This is evidently true for # 8220 ; Epilogue, # 8221 ; and Spender describes his efforts at withdrawal in his autobiography ( 285 ) . He surveys the effects of a # 8220 ; human play # 8221 ; on the metropolis as a whole. Spender inside informations the effects on the West End, around St. Paul # 8217 ; s Cathedral, and on the psyche of London. Sankichi is caught in the abruptness of the atomic work stoppage. Hiroshima had non suffered months of bombardments as London had. Sankichi was non anticipating the onslaught. Sankichi can non afford to mime Spender # 8217 ; s withdrawal. # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; is non a intentionally designed contemplation like # 8220 ; Epilogue. # 8221 ; Alternatively, it is a panicky recording of a rapid assault of helter-skelter images. # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; depicts merely what is happening in the writer # 8217 ; s immediate locality. The surprise and abruptness of the bombardment prevent Sankichi from appraising the harm on a broad graduated table. He is excessively aghast and confused to believe about anything except what is in his immediate field of vision. Aside from difference in point of views, these two verse forms differ significantly in manner. Spender writes # 8220 ; Epilogue # 8221 ; in a series of stanzas. Possessing no rhyming or rhythmic form, the stanzas are alternatively divided by subject. The first stanza describes physical harm to London. Daiches # 8217 ; s remark that Spender # 8220 ; could demo a quiet descriptive control in descriptive or confessional poetry # 8221 ; is obvious in this stanza ( 322 ) . Spender paints a verbal wall painting of when # 8220 ; the gas brinies burned bluish and gilded / And stucco and brick were pulverized to a cloud / Pungent with odors of mice, dust, Allium sativum, anxiousness # 8221 ; ( 2-4 ) . These descriptions provide emotional fuel for his accusals in the undermentioned stanza. In the 2nd stanza Spender discusses his sentiment that this devastation could hold been prevented. In lines ten through 12 he states that, # 8220 ; Then the one voice through deserted streets / Was t he Cassandra bell which rang an vitamin D rang and ran / Released at last by clip, † comparing the air raid warning to the prophesier Cassandra, whose anticipations were ever true but neer heeded. In his autobiography, Spender explicitly states that Hitler could hold been stopped in the 1930s and that the war could hold been easy avoided ( 202 ) . The 3rd stanza discusses London’s resiliency and leads into the metaphor of the catastrophe as a play. Spender notes that â€Å"London burned with tough-minded dignity† ( 16 ) . St. Paul’s Cathedral is used in the stanza to typify that self-respect. On December 29, 1940, the cathedral stood virtually unharmed as edifices environing it were consumed by blazings. Emergency crews around the cathedral noticed that an arsonist was lodged in the building’s dome, readily to fall indoors and destruct the centuries-old church. To everyone’s astonishment, the arsonist fell the other manner and rolled off the dome onto the street below, go fo rthing the cathedral intact ( Jablonski 146 ) . This intension provides the power behind Spender’s usage of the cathedral as a metaphor for London’s self-respect. The concluding stanza is the metaphor of the bombardment as a drama. Spender makes London, place to countless phases, as a expansive phase on which â€Å"there were heroes, maidens, saps, / Victims, a Chorus† ( 27-28 ) . He defines the actions of the participants. â€Å"The heroes, † presumptively the RAF, fight courageously. â€Å"The fools† attempt to do visible radiation of the state of affairs with gags. â€Å"The victims† delay for aid. â€Å"The Chorus, † who are the voluntary alleviation crews, aid victims make sense of the fortunes by â€Å"Praising the heroes, deploring the ethical motives of the wicked / Underlining penalty, warranting Doom to Truth† ( 34-35 ) . While # 8220 ; Epilogue # 8221 ; is brooding and deliberate, # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; is immediate and pressing. Sankichi # 8217 ; s manner bears no gloss of order. It begins with dismay and ends with confusion. There is no effort to do sense of what has happened. While Spender uses symbolism, Sankichi has no demand for it. His graphic images of bloodstained pandemonium communicate on much stronger frequences than any possible symbol. There is no thoughtful argument or metaphoric account. Sankichi fires direct descriptions that explain all possible dimensions of panic. The gap lines send the reader hurtling into dismay. Sankichi begins: ! Loud in my ear: shrieks. Noiselessly welling up, swooping on me: infinite, all upside down. ( 1-5 ) The lines are crisp and blunt, reading like the panicky descriptions of a adult male short of breath, which is exactly what they are. Sankichi # 8217 ; s brief but rough poetry arrests the attending of the reader, bludgeoning him with manic word pictures of hurting and pandemonium. The first line, dwelling of merely an exclaiming point, explains a daze so powerful that no words could depict its impact. Sankichi realizes that he is on fire. He douses himself with H2O, and # 8220 ; The apparels I splash H2O on / burn, bead off: / gone # 8221 ; ( 24-26 ) . It is an extra five lines, likely really less than a 2nd, before he realizes that a sheet of liquefied lead is attached to his dorsum. He screams in torment as # 8220 ; Eddies / of fire and fume / blow down on my broken caput # 8221 ; ( 36-38 ) . Sankichi succeeds in conveying horror by non depicting the horror. He merely depict what is atrocious: He does non necessitate to state that it is atrocious for the reader to understand the feeling. Sankichi describes # 8220 ; stomachs distended like great membranophones # 8221 ; along the route ( 56 ) . He sees spots of flesh, an orb, and encephalon affair. As the reader becomes overwhelmed by these awful images, so does Sankichi. His organic structure still shrilling with hurting, he falls to the land. His daze rapidly becomes confusion. Sankichi # 8217 ; s last lines are: Why? Why here by the side of the route cut off, beloved, from you ; why must I dice ? ( 78-86 ) These two plants and writers take really different attacks to the devastation happening around them. Spender is detached and brooding ; Sankichi is involved and immediate. They do, nevertheless, portion confusion as to what is go oning to their several metropoliss. Spender, appraising the harm, realizes this could hold been prevented. Sankichi, witnessing impossible horror, merely asks # 8220 ; Why? # 8221 ; ( 78 ) . Each of these verse forms serve as a testament to readers who have neer experienced war of the frequently imagined but neer to the full appreciated costs of war and adult male # 8217 ; s inhumaneness to adult male. Plants Cited Bruckner, Karl. The Day of the Bomb. Trans. French republics Lobb. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company Inc. , 1962, 98-99. Daiches, David. The Present Age in British Literature. N.p. : Indiana University Press, 1958, 48-49. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carolyn Riley. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1973, 322. Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. , 1946, 30. Jablonski, Edward. Panic from the Sky. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1971, 144-148. Sankichi, Toge. Introduction. # 8220 ; Dying. # 8221 ; by Sankichi. Trans. Richard H. Minear. Poems for the Millennium: The University of California Book of Modern and Postmodern Poetry Volume Two. Ed. Jerome Rothenberg and Pierre Joris. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998, 29. Sankichi, Toge. # 8220 ; Dying. # 8221 ; Trans. Richard H. Minear. Poems for the Millennium: The University of California Book of Modern and Postmodern Poetry Volume Two. Ed. Jerome Rothenberg and Pierre Joris. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998, 29-31. Spender, Stephen. # 8220 ; Epilogue to a Human Drama. # 8221 ; Collected Poems. New York: Random House, 1955, 134-135. Spender, Stephen. World Within World: The Autobiography of Stephen Spender. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. Weatherhead, A.K. # 8220 ; Stephen Spender: Lyric Impulse and Will. # 8221 ; Comtemporary Literature. Vol. 12, No. 4. N.p. : Regents of the University of Wisconsin, 1971, 451-465. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carolyn Riley. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1973, 323. 35c

Diabeties essays

Diabeties essays Diabetes is considered by some in the medical field as a silent killer, which can become loud if the person lets it. By not knowing your status or getting your status late it could have the person suffer some serious medical injury to the body. If detected early it can be handled accordingly. For a person to deal with this disease seems more like a nuisance than a pain. Because they always have to take pills, remember to take their insulin shots and they have to eat, right, which I know, can be a nuisance but I guess a person must do what they have to do to live. Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles. There are 18.2 million people in the United States, or 6.3% of the population, who have diabetes. While an estimated 13 million have been diagnosed, unfortunately, 5.2 million people (or nearly one-third) are unaware that they have the disease. There are three major type of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and Pre-Diabetes. This is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Sugar is the basic fuel for the cells in the body, and insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Sugar is the basic fuel for the cells in the body, and insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cell ...

China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020 Essay

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Cat People (Jacques Tourneur, 1942) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Analysis of Food Supply Chain Models

Analysis of Food Supply Chain Models Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Globalization in Food Industry background Since last decade, Globalization is a trend in the food industry due to growing potential markets in various developing countries and changing consumption pattern of the people. Integration of international food markets and increasing expansion in international markets of the firms is the most significant trends in global economy. Market liberalization and scientific progress gave rise to globalization. Even though consumer diets are gradually changing globally; there are variations in food shopping patterns around the world which is mostly based on income levels. The focus of food retailing industry in developing and developed countries was different with respect to consumers and the type of food demanded. The trend was that the developing countries retailers focused on high value food while the developed countries retailers focused on meeting consumer demand with respect to quality, security and choices. Thus various retailers are now looking at exploring new markets and using more opportunities in different kinds of developed and developing markets. Retailers have the information regarding the consumer preference and the standard of living which in then applied for research in segmenting the market according to market demand, affordability as well as quality. Hence food retail sectors is continuously growing and making innovative sale systems. The global food retail sale has increased up to $2 trillion yearly and the top 15 global supermarket companies’ account for more than 30 percent of world supermarket sales. Bourlakis (2004) opines that â€Å"The current changes are driving food supply chains to take up coordination between producers and retailers to aid modifying products to meet consumer demands. The food supply chain progressed from series of shorter, independent transfers to more unified, coherent relationship between processors, manufacturers and retailers†. Lubbers (1997) refer to the term globalization, meaning the global sourcing of raw materials combined with local marketing. Stalk and Hout (1990), Christopher (1992) and Hewitt (1994) suggested that â€Å"The keys to long-term competitive advantage in today’s marketplace are flexibility andcustomer response†. To maximize a competitive advantage, all members within the Supply Chain should ‘seamlessly’ work together to serve the end consumer (Towill, 1997).The effects of globalization (i.e. open markets), the market entranceof new competitors, and stricter governmental requirements for food safety and environment friendlyproduction place increasing demands on management. This study will examine some of the food supply chain models, evaluating it whether the consumer preferences are bringing changes in the global food supply chain model. Further effort will be made to analyze the changing patterns of traditional and evolving model for existing food supply chains and how it affects the sale and demand of foods in the market. With the introduction of supermarkets in the 21st century more and more traditional grocery outlets have suffered a fall in share from 40 percent in 1995 to 36 percent in 2005 and thus their was rise of supermarkets (Neff 1997a).Thus globalization has come into picture where more and more supermarkets are establishing in various countries due to decline in international trade barriers and more opportunities for investments as well as growth as a multinational. 1.2 Statement of The Problem There are various factors which affect the global food supply chain pattern and every stage of supply chain undergoes some kind uncertainties which cause inefficiencies in firm’s logistics. Food industry is also facing various issues regarding proper planning of distribution system which incurred a high cost to the retailers. Due to high competition and growth in the retail sector, many manufacturers and retailers have understood that there can be significant amount of cost reduction by making improvements in logistics. This can be achieved when the suppliers and the manufacturers work together to give better value to the consumer by maximizing costumer satisfaction and minimizing cost of distribution. Thus there is a need to redesigning a supply chain model. UK’s Milk supply chain is one of the complex food supply chains.UK is considered as one of the largest milk producers in EU. However, the major concern for UK is that even if the UK is mainly self-reliant in milk, the value of UK exports of milk products is significantly lower than the value of imports and in 2007 the UK had a trade deficit of about  £881m in dairy products. (Defra, 2007).Several reason have been estimated which has led to issues in dairy sector in UK.Thus the above issues raised a demand for further in-depth investigation. They thus form the basis for this study. 1.3 Purpose of The Study The purpose of study is to examine the food supply chain model present in global food industry as well as UK’s milk production and supply chain in particular. Specially, the purpose of the study was: To identify the changing food system pattern in food manufacturing and retailing globally. To highlight conventional and developing model for existing food supply chains and to asses its affects on the global food market. To find out the socio-economics impact of changing pattern of food supply chain on society. To study the supply chain models and to examine how the model could be designed more effectively and efficiently in order to improve supply chain uncertainties. To examine the reason of decline in the milk supplies in UK which leads to decrease in milk exports and increase in milk import even if UK is self sufficient in milk production. 1.4 Research Questions To provide focus and direction for the study and to successfully carry it out, the following research questions have been raised: a) Do the changing pattern of food distribution system have an effect on consumer and retailer’s relationship? (b) If they do, in what ways it effect the consumers? What changes should be undertaken to improve on distribution system? Which are the important factors for food supply chain developments and the important characteristics of the food retail sectors, and their effects on the food supply chain? What is the need to redesign food supply chains model? What are the strategic, tactical and operational decision made for food supply chain decision like production and distribution? How globalization in food industry has helped in growth of the world economy? Has the retail sector become more powerful then food manufacturing sector? What are the issues in Milk supply chain in UK? What is the reason for higher import of milk? What is the percentage of production of processed milk products in UK? What are the demand and supply of these milk products? 1.5 Significance of The Study This research work is to look at the current supply chain process in UK and evaluate the food supply chain model in order find out the changing patterns of global food supply chain which affects the consumer. Thus the study is significant for the following reasons: First it will help shed light on the ongoing transformation in the food industry globally. It will also help us to understand certain issues which exist in different processes of supply chain management. Also findings from the study may serve as a basis for evaluation of entire food supply systems which has shifted from national to global retailing. This will help them to adopt feasible measures to improve the relationships between retailers, manufacturers and consumer. The study will also contribute to existing knowledge on what encouraged the retailers, distributors and manufacturers to improve on the efficiencies of existing food systems. This could help strengthen retailing internalization which will further help in focusing more on increasing sale growth and market share than on profitability. The growth in private label and consumer interest brought about new changes in food retailing. In this way, the study will serve as basis for further research on the topic in the various countries as well as all over the world for the particular type of food product supply chain. Further case study is performed on UK dairy industry. It will address the positive as well as negative aspects in this sector. It also points out the market share for each dairy product and issues in dairy sector. The study also suggests the scope for future innovations in this sector. 1.6 Organization of The Study The study is organized in following way: Chapter one provides general information of the study, the research problem, purpose of study and research questions and objective of study. It would also present information on the significance of the study, limitation and organization of the study. Chapter Two presents background information and key characteristic of food supply chain globally. Chapter Three presents a review of available literature related to supply chain. In particular, literature on the concept of changing global supply chains perspectives as well as the socio economic effect on the people due to change in food supply chain as well as relationship between society and changing supply chain will be studied. Chapter four focuses on the dairy food supply chain model, its characteristics and future of the dairy supply chain sector. 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There is extreme competition in retail markets because companies are always looking for acquisition prospects for further expansion. White et al., 2004, opined that â€Å"there is speculation that Carrefour, the world’s second biggest retailer by revenue may be in the sights of Wal-Mart, the only retailer that is bigger, which unsurprisingly, recently signalled it would like to start expanding more aggressively in Europe†. Reduced trade barriers and regulations have facilitated the global companies to enter the markets of developing economies like India while in China the government has increased the barriers in order to increase the competition between the global companies. Grocery and Food retailing are getting concentrated. 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Rank/ Company Country of Origin Retail Banner Sales 2006 (USD mn) Market Share (%) Net Sales (USD mn) (1) Grocery Retail Banner Sales (%) Domestic Sales (%) Foreign Sales (%) 1 Wal-Mart USA 376,430 6.3 344,992 45.6 78 22 2 Carrefour France 122,214 2.0 97,739 73.9 47 53 3 Metro Group Germany 87,360 1.5 75,131 48.0 45 55 4 Tesco UK 86,827 1.5 78,451 73.3 75 25 5 Seven I (2) Japan 79,101 1.3 41,600 67.8 66 34 6 Ahold Neth. 77,546 1.3 56,299 84.4 18 82 7 Kroger USA 69,549 1.1 66,111 70.5 100 0 8 Sears USA 64,833 1.1 53,012 11.8 88 12 9 Costco USA 64,737 1.1 58,963 61.0 80 20 10 Target USA 62,584 1.0 59,490 30.4 100 0 11 Rewe Germany 56,448 0.9 54,515 75.3 68 32 12 Casino France 55,298 0.9 25,752 74.7 58 42 13 Schwarz Group Germany 55,160 0.9 50,224 82.6 54 46 14 AEON (2) Japan 55,157 0.9 41,431 55.5 90 10 15 Aldi Germany 54,104 0.9 49,948 83.5 53 47 16 Auchan France 53,608 0.9 48,408 62.6 50 50 17 Walgreens USA 49,874 0.8 47,409 36.0 99 1 18 Edeka Germany 48,525 0.8 40,277 85.4 93 7 19 CVS USA 46,092 0.8 43,814 30.0 100 0 20 Safeway (USA) USA 43,770 0.7 40,185 75.4 83 17 21 Leclerc France 40,435 0.7 36,432 61.4 94 6 22 ITM (Intermarchà ©) France 36,931 0.6 33,976 76.9 90 10 23 Sainsbury UK 36,071 0.6 31,360 75.6 100 0 24 Woolworths (AUS) Australia 34,255 0.6 31,243 72.1 89 11 25 SuperValu USA 32,278 0.6 37,406 73.0 100 0 26 Tengelmann Germany 31,566 0.5 29,255 62.0 58 42 27 Coles G

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Green Building

Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 I. Improving Energy Efficiency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 II. Environmental Benefits of Building Green†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 III. Social Benefits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 IV. LEED Certification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Work Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Figure 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Figure 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Figure 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Figure 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Figure 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Figure 6†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Figure 7†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Figure 8†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Figure 9†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 10†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Table I – Energy Costs†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Table II – Top 10 Energy Saving Design Strategies†¦ 8 Executive Summary The environment has been a substantial topic of discussion lately. This is due to the lack of energy efficient products in our cars, homes, buildings, and construction. Healthcare facilities are one of the largest energy consumers in the country. There is so much need to keep up with life safety and health standards that the healthcare industry doesn’t look at the big picture of th e effects of energy conservation and the risks it could cause in the future.The purpose of this report is to inform healthcare officials and any individual that could be effected by not building green, the benefits of energy efficiency, environmental and social benefits, and last but not least Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification, or LEED certification. Energy efficiency plays the most important roll in building green. In order to save the environment in the future we must save energy. There are several different ways to do this.Using solar power energy would reduce the use of electricity by burning less coal, designing roofs to grow plans to reduce heat loss in the winter months and keep cool in the summer months and at the same time creating an eco-friendly habitat for nature, controlling the use of water efficiency, lighting efficiency by using natural light instead of artificial, using specific materials during building and everyday uses to be efficient, a nd using proper heating and cooling techniques. Environmental benefits help to increase to life expectancy of our environment by reducing our emissions output and control our waste management. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellInvolving more people into green building consists of social efficiency. Social efficiency creates a healthier lifestyle and improved health by adding a bike rack to the entrance of a building to encourage the idea of riding bikes to and from the building. Finally LEED certification regulates the way we build green to make sure it is regulated correctly. There are many incentives through LEED certification to build green. Green building in healthcare facilities is rapidly growing in both popularity and importance.There are many businesses that are taking advantage of this change, while at the same time encouraging more change. Introduction Green building in healthcare facilities is a significant start to making the environment healthy. Green building refers to using a process that is eco friendly throughout a building's life cycle. This begins from sitting to design, then construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and eventually demolition . Green buildings are designed to reduce the impact on the environment and human health by using resources efficiently, reducing waste and pollution, and improving employee productivity.The main economic issue with hospitals is that they are not very environmentally friendly. With new technology there are many different ways to make a hospital environmentally friendly. It has been estimated that 30 percent of the health sectors energy use could be reduced by switching to renewable and more energy efficient sources at no cost to quality of care. (EPA) The Energy Star program has free energy audits for health care facilities as well as energy evaluation tools and information on how to purchase more energy efficient products.It also provides information on how to make your facility more efficient through simple steps like calibrating thermostats, turning off machines when not in use, and periodically checking for leaks in the hot water system. I. Improving Energy Efficiency Energy use in healthcare facilities is higher than nearly all other building types. With rising energy costs and climate change concerns energy efficiency is financially prudent and increasingly expected. Efficiency can be gained from integrated design practices, including systems to control heat gain, and increase the efficiency of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Eco-Building Products) A few reasons why energy efficiency is important are it increases energy efficiency and reduces climate impact. It also demonstrates environmental awareness, and improves patient and staff comfort with a green indoor environment. As well as improves facilities overall operational efficiency and reduces operational costs. Less than $2. 50| 12%| $2. 51 to $3. 00| 17%| $3. 01 to $4. 00| 28%| $4. 01 to $5. 00| 21%| $5. 01 to $6. 00| 11%| $6. 01 to $7. 00| 5%| $7. 01 to $8. 00| 3%| More than $8. 00| 3%|New developments are made everyday in the field of engineering that are meant to save energy an d protect the environment. This is a very important time to be conscious of energy consumption, due to  global warming. Naturally there will be experts constantly creating new technologies in this field, but another big question is whether there should be rules and regulations that force people to create or use green-engineered products. (History of the Refinements) While green building construction may appear costly for consumers, new developments in the engineering field are providing increasingly cost-effective solutions. Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Even though green engineering is coming to the forefront of society now, it has been around and developing for many years. Table I – Energy Costs Source: Slotten Annual Energy Costs Per Square Foot (estimated) A. Solar Energy Figure 1: Microsoft Solar energy is most definitely the greatest known form of energy conservation. Solar panels can decrease the energy consumption of a health facility drastically by producing their own energy from the sun. In some cases, hospitals can even give back excess energy to the  power grid. Solar panels gather and directly convert the sun’s energy into electricity.During the daylight hours, the photovoltaic cells which are arranged on a grid pattern on the solar panels surface collect the sunlight and turn it into electricity, the charger controller regulates the amount of energy sent to the batteries to avoid being overcharged. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Batteries store the energy to be used at night or when there is a blackout. However, solar power is only ideal for certain regions. While some areas get lots of direct sunlight every day, like Arizona, others get less sunlight or are often cloudy, like Alaska.This technology has been around for quite a long time, but it is still growing in popularity, as well as quality. An unusual and expensive technology ten years ago is now a cheaper, more common energy alternative. (History of the Refin ements) While most of these green engineering techniques give back to the environment by decreasing the amount of energy usage, some techniques can help the local habitat more directly. Another way to harness the sunlight is by using solar thermal energy. This is commonly used for heating and providing hot water. The other way to harness solar energy is though passive solar.Passive solar is known as direct gain and uses specific materials that can store the sun’s energy for future use. Although solar energy has its disadvantages, these will be out weighed by its advantages. Some of the solar advantages are solar energy is a renewable energy source, solar energy is no cost after the initial install, solar cells do not require much maintenance, they produce no noise unlike any other energy sources, solar panels are very reliable, and solar energy is clean it does not produce any pollution. B. Green Roofs Green roofs or â€Å"healing gardens† are becoming more popular and effective.A green roof is one with a layer of  soil and  vegetation growing on top of it. Having green roofs benefits the health facility as well as the patients’ recovery and the habitat in many ways. This helps the environment,  in that it provides a habitat for wildlife that was likely there before the building was built. The  water  runoff from the top of a green  roof also drains cleaner than it was before it hit the roof. With green roofs water is stored by the substrate and then taken up by the plants and then released back into the atmosphere though evaporation.In the summer green roofs can retain 70-90% of the precipitation that falls on them. (Going Green in America's Hospitals) In the winter they retain between 25-40%. (Green Building Services) Green roofs also reduce the amount of stormwater runoff and also delay the time at which run off occurs. This results in less stress on the sewer system during a strom. Green  roofs also  benefit the  buil ding, in that they are  a  great insulation, blocking out the hot sun in the summer, or keeping the heat  from  leaving the building in the  winter. (Green Building Services) C. Water EfficiencyFigure 3: Slotten Figure 2: Slotten Water is an increasingly visible and expensive resource. Process water used to operate building systems including (figure 4) boilers/chillers, (figure 3) cooling towers, and sterilizers comprise about 75 percent of hospital water use. (Green Building Elements) Reducing water use can lower operational costs and should be part of an integrative design process for construction. Another way to improve water efficiency would be to install flow control fixtures on all faucets. The average faucet puts out five gallons of water per minute.After installing flow control fixtures this would result in a water savings of 88 gallons per day, or 32,000 gallons of heated water per year, which would save $280 annually per sink. (History of the Refinements) You cou ld also install higher consumption toilets and urinals with ultra low flush toilets and urinals, which use 1. 6 gallons per flush. (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) Some reasons why processing water efficiently is important are it reduces environmental impact, saves money and lowers the impact on drinking water sources and water ways receiving waste water.D. Lighting Efficiency People intuitively prefer natural light to artificial light. Daylight and optimized artificial lighting can benefit hospital employees, patients and visitors. With rising energy costs and climate change concerns, using energy efficiency is financially important and expected. (California Energy Commission) In addition, evidence suggests quantifiable benefits for staff retention, patient healing, and customer satisfaction. Some reasons why lighting efficiency is important is that it improves building aesthetics and the facilities overall operational efficiency.Studies show that it can potentially reduce staff error rates, increase staff retention, and help patient recovery. (Health Facilities Management) The use of natural light is becoming very popular in  new large  facilities. In figure 5 hospitals  can have many skylights and windows to get natural light deep into the interior. The artificial lights in Figure 4: Slotten the  building  could then dim or turn off when there is a sufficient amount of natural light. There are many windows and skylights emitting natural light. Most of these windows face the north, when possible, for the least amount of direct light. Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Direct sunlight into a building  could lead to  unwanted heating of the interior. There are also small overhangs outside the vertical windows in order to block direct sunlight as well as reflect sunlight onto the slightly angled ceiling. (Going Green in America's Hospitals) This ceiling then directs the light further into the building. Graham Construction is currently w orking on sectioning off  ceiling lights  to put separate sensors and dimmers on them so that they  adjust to different levels of natural light. E. Materials EfficiencySelecting sustainable construction materials is an important aspect of building a green hospital. The concept of sustainable building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and its occupants. * Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building. * Energy conservation. * Improved occupant health and productivity. * Lower costs associated with changing space configurations. * Greater design flexibility. Figure 5: MicrosoftBuilding and construction activities worldwide consume 3 billion tons of raw materials each year. (CalRecycle) Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling nonrenewable resources internationally. Integrating green building materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impact associated with the extraction, transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building industry source materials. (CalRecycle) Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources.Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product. Depending upon project specific goals, an assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of materials. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Resource efficiency can be accomplished by using materials that are of recycled content, natural, plentiful, renewable, resource efficient manufacturing process, locally available, salvaged, refurbished, reusable, and durable. (EPA) Table II – Top 10 Energy Saving Design Strategies 8%| Commissioning of building energy systems| 34%| Integration of low-energy strategies i nto building design| 32%| Day lighting| 24%| Load-reduction strategies| 24%| Low-energy design consulting services| 21%| Energy modeling programs| 19%| Use of LEED certifications| 17%| Spectrally selective glazing| 7%| Renewable energy sources| 5%| Use of EPA’s Target Finder to assess the energy performance of the construction process| Source: Slotten F. Heating and Cooling One technique that is still developing is the conservation of clean  hot or cold air.The California Academy of Sciences building has vents that open on the domes to let out hot air as well as motorized windows to let in cool air. (Green Building Services) There is a constant battle between keeping a constant temperature while using the least amount of energy Figure 6: Slotten and keeping the air fresh. Most home heating and air conditioning (figure 7) systems advertise providing accurate temperature control as well as filtering mold, moisture, dust, and pollen. There is not yet technology that can meet t he same standards while using much less energy.Another way to improve heating and cooling of a hospital would be to incorporate refrigeration and air conditioning units. By incorporating these units into a cooling loop, the facility can reduce its amount of water consumption by 3 million gallons per year, which would save over $20,000 in annual water and sewer costs. (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) II. Environmental Benefits of Building Green The environmental benefits include conservation of natural resources, waste reduction, improvement of air and water quality, and protection of the ecosystem. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. buildings are responsible for 39% of total energy use, 12% of total water consumption, 68% of total electricity consumption and 38% of carbon dioxide emissions. (Going Green in America's Hospitals) A. Emission Reduction Figure 7: Slotten Pollutants released by fossil fuels contribute to global climate change, cause air quality issues such as acid rain and smog, and pose risks to human health. Green building techniques like solar powering, daylight, and public transport increase energy efficiency and reduce harmful emissions. Every Alegent Health hospital in Omaha and Council Bluffs has diesel-powered generators.Diesel fuel can be very harmful to your system when emitted into the air. Diesel exhaust (figure 8) has been found to contain many toxic air contaminants. Exposure to diesel exhaust can cause short-term symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, coughing, tightness of the chest, and irritation of the eyes. Although these generators rarely run they need to be tested weekly to ensure they are in proper working condition. Luckily there are now certain filters for this type of emission, yet many health facilities have not adopted the idea. B. Waste Reduction Figure 8: Slotten U. S. ospitals generate approximately 6,600 tons of waste daily and 85 percent of this is non hazardous waste such a s cardboard, food, glass, paper, and plastics that can be recycled. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Hazardous waste disposal is also a major problem in U. S. hospitals. Hazardous waste from hospitals must undergo at least four treatment processes before it arrives at the disposal site. A huge portion of solid waste in the United States is from construction and demolition. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Building deconstruction is the dismantlement of a building with intention of salvaging and recycling materials. Going Green in America's Hospitals) This can be used as an alternative to full-scale demolition, which results in a decrease of waste reduction. Several construction sites now have different dumpsters designated for specific materials this was it is easier to recycle the unused materials and all scrap materials such as metals, plastic, wood, and normal trash. Green construction can be implemented through choice of building materials as well. Seeking quickly rene wable resources to build with decreases the amount of  polluting manufacturing and slows the depletion of non-renewable resources.It is also environmentally, economically, and energy efficient to use materials that are close to the building site, decreasing the amount of oil use as well as air pollution. It would actually be very green, not to mention economically beneficial, to renovate an existing building rather than build a whole new one. This would prevent  the production of all new materials and save the ecosystem that the building would be destroying. C. Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality is very important. People in industrialized nations spend about 90%of their time indoors. EPA) The bad thing is that most modern buildings can contain substances that are potentially hazardous to out health. These range form dust, to major irritants like chemical vapor off-gassing. (Healthy Air) Indoor air quality can be 10 times worse than outdoor air on smoggy days in big cities. (E PA) Many chemicals and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) found as contaminants in buildins are known to cause adverse effects on human health. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Though molds can cause allergic reactions, they can also cause chronic illness in humans.This affects not only the patients in a hospital but the employees. There is also a illness called â€Å"sick Building syndrome,† which is linked to poor indoor air quality and has even become an issue where lawsuits have been ensued. (Healthy Air) For over a decade product manufacturers in the building industry have been introducing products that reduce formaldehyde, VOC’s and other potential harmful chemicals. There is a wide range of products available that replace existing adhesives, flooring, paints and other finishes that are much healthier.Indoor air quality can be improved by using different types of materials that are non-toxic. These are materials that emit few or no carcinogens, or irr itants. Fresh air is also a critical component to optimal health. Ventilation provides control over ventilation rates and helps prevent mold. III. Social Benefits A. Improved Health Studies have shown that poor indoor environmental quality from insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, varying temperatures, and toxic paints contribute to respiratory problems, headaches, and allergies.Green building emphasizes ventilation and non-toxic materials that create healthier and more comfortable living environments. B. Healthier Lifestyle Figure 9: Slotten A key element of sustainable design is the preservation of natural environments, which afford a variety of recreation and exercise opportunities. (Bloomington) Green buildings also seek to facilitate alternatives to driving, such as bicycling and public transport, which eases local traffic while encouraging personal health and fitness.Having bicycle racks outside of health facilities, as well as and other building, will benefit from LEE D credits among many others. This will encourage more employees and occupants to ride bicycles to and from the hospital. IV. LEED Certification A. What Does LEED Stand For LEED stands for leadership in energy and environmental design. LEED measures sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, locations and linkages, awareness and education, innovation and design, and regional priority. (U.S. Green Building Council) There are currently  many forms of accreditation  existent today that encourage green construction, and  that is what most of them do they encourage green construction,  as opposed to mandating  it. The largest one of these is the LEED certification. B. History of LEED Figure 10: Microsoft After the first five years of LEED being launched, more than 2,700 buildings and projects registered for certification. (LEED Certification) 400 buildings have completed certification. This process usually t akes 3+ years from the time of registration. LEED Certification) The number of certifications that are completed is expected to rise quickly as more projects complete construction. C. How to Become LEED Certified LEED points are awarded on a one hundred point scales to reflect their environmental impacts. Buildings seeking LEED rating are subject to the cost of the certification process. Projects must be registered with the US Green Building Council. This costs $450 for members. (U. S. Green Building Council) Many buildings today are striving to gain one of the few  categories of LEED Certification.Seventy percent of new LEED Certified buildings fall under the new construction or major renovations category. A LEED certification is widely respected, creating an  encouragement and acceleration of  the adoption of green building techniques. Federal and state public buildings encourage LEED projects. D. LEED Credentials The credentials of a LEED Certification for a new building ar e based off of six categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation and design process. LEED is even used  as a standard in mandatory ordinances.Boston was the first major city to mandate the use of green engineering in buildings. Starting in early 2007, any new building with over 50,000 square feet and any existing building over 100,000 square feet that is being renovated must obtain,  at least, the minimum LEED Certification. (U. S. Green Building Council) Although the LEED Certification series backed by the US Green Building Council is by far the most recognized and used form of accreditation, there are others. Labs21 is an accreditation that is specifically for labs and high performance facilities. It is sponsored by the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency and the U. S. Department of Energy. (U. S. Department of Energy) Energy Star is another program sponsored by these two governmen t agencies, although Energy Star is more involved with advertising energy efficient products and practices. Although they vary in specific tasks, all of these organizations share the same challenging goal of making technologies more energy efficient and eco-friendly while still being cost efficient. E. LEED Levels of Certification With each variety of certification, there come different levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. LEED Certification) Any of the levels of certification would gain the accredited building acknowledgment as well as the obvious environmental and economic benefits. LEED is a third-party certification program and  the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings. (U. S. Green Building Council) F. Who Uses LEED The people that use LEED are professionals that include architects, interior designers, engineers, construction managers, and federal agencies. Conclusion Green building has already proved to be  successful in many large buildings.Green building in healthcare facilities is rapidly growing in both popularity and importance. There are many businesses that are taking advantage of this change, while at the same time encouraging more change. There are all sorts of companies selling green products, taking part in environmental activities, and encouraging in every way possible for consumers to go green. There is no doubt that a change must come quickly to halt a disaster that is condemning our planet. People  may have to alter their lifestyles in order to reverse the damage that has been done, and putting it off until tomorrow is not an option.In addition to saving the environment, the growing intelligence of green engineering and building construction will help consumers save money by reducing their energy consumption. As soon as new technologies are created, there is a constant evolution of that technology until it is perfected, making it affordable and user fri endly. If people harness these advances as they unfold and are proven sustainable, then they will be taking the road that leads back to a healthy prosperous earth as well as money in their wallet.